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Current scholarly debate over the historical character of David's rule generally considers the biblical portrait to represent David as king of Judah first, and subsequently over all Israel. The ninth-century Tel Dan inscription, which refers to the House of David (byt dwd), is often taken as evidence for the dynasty of Judah. Mahri Leonard-Fleckman argues that references to Judah in the story of David as king do not suffice to constitute a coherent stratum of material about Judah as a political entity. Comparing the house of... terminology in the ninth-century Tel Dan inscription with early first-millennium Assyrian usage, then giving close examination to the house of David materials in 2 Samuel and 1 Kings, she understands the house of David as a small body politic connected to David, but distinct from any Judean dynastic context.one implication is that the identification of Judah as a later southern kingdom may have less to do with an Israelite secession from Jerusalem than with an Israelite rejection of David's lineage and the subsequent reactional creation of Judah-centric language on the part of a Davidic coterie.

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